? ???????????????????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???, ???????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???. ? ??????????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ?????????, ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????.
?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????????.
? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ? ???????????????????, ?? ??????????, ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ????? (Operative Lodges) ??? ????-"????????" ??? ????????. ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? (Stonemasons), ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? 14?? ????? ?? ????-???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? (?????), ??? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????????.
?? 15? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? (Masons). ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????, ?? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????. ?? ?????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ????????.
???? ????? ??? 16?? ?????, ?? ?????, ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????, ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????????, ???? ???? ????????? ?????, ???????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????. ????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? (Accepted) ??? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????. ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? 1599 ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? 16 ????????? ??? 1646 ?.?., ?????????? ???? ??? ?????, ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???, ????? ????????????? ?????? ? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? 24 ??????? 1717 ?.?. ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? (Goose and Gridiron), ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????.
?? 1723, ? James Anderson ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????????. ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ? "??????? ??? ???????????????????", ??????? ?? ??? ????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????. ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????. ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? 1734 ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????, ? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???.
?? ???????? ??? 1730, ? ??????????????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????. ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????, ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????. ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? "??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????", ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??????. ? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????, ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? 14 ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????????????????.
???? ??? ???????? ??? 19?? ?????, ????????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????????????????, ? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ??????????? ??????, ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ???-??????????? ??????? ?? 1820, ??? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? 1825. ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?? Carbonari. ???? ???? ???????????, ? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????????, ???????? ???? ??-????????? ?? ?????? ????????, ????? ?? ??????????, ????-????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? 19?? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????. ??????? ??? ???????????? ????, ? ???? ??? ??????????????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????????????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??? 19?? ?????.
??? 20? ?????, ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????. ?? ???????????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????-????????? ? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ??????, ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????. ?? ????????? ???? ???????????, ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????. ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????.
? ??????? ??? ??????????????????? ???? ????????????
? ??????????? ??????????
?? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? 13 ???????? ??? ???? A?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? 1775 ?.?. ??? ?? 1783 ?.?. ??? ???? ??? 18?? ????? ?.? ? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????. ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????. ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? 17?? ????? ?.?. ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? 140 ??????????? ?????! ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????????: ??? ???? ??? 17?? ????? ?.?., ? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????, ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????, ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????, ?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ???????. ?? ????????? ??????? ? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????, ?? ????? ??? ????????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????. ? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? 1776 ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????, ???? ??? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? (Loge de Neuf Soeurs) ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ? Lafayette, ? Voltaire, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????????, ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????????????, ?????????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????. ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? 1764 ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????. ? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????. ? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??? ?????????:
????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????.
??? ??? ????????? ? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????.
? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ? ???? ??? ????? ??????
??? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????. ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? (16 ?????????? 1773?.?.), ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????, ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????. ??????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? (Green Dragon Tavern), ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ? ??? ?????? (Paul R?vere) ??? ? ???? ?????? (John Hancock), ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???????????. ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ???, ??? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????????.
?? ???????? ???????? 4.000 ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????, ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ????? (19 ???????? 1775 ?.?.), ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ? ?????????? ???? ???????.
?? ????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ??????????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????????. ??? ????????? ???????????, ? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????, ???? ? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????????????? Marquis De Lafayette, ? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????? Franklin ??? De Lafayette, ???? ? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????????????. ??????, ? ?????? ???????????, ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????, ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???, ? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????.
?????????? ??? George Washington Master of Virginia's Alexandria No. 22, ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? Alexandria-Washington Lodge.
? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?? 1723 ??? ?? ?????? ????? 21 ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????????????? ??? ?????????. ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????. ? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????????????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ? ??????????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????. ?? 1787 ?.?. ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???, ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ???????????.
???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????????, ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???????, ??????????????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ????, ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????. ? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? 17? ??????? 1776 ?.?. ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ??? 4? ??????? 1776 ?.?. ?????????? ? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????, ???? ??? ????????? ? ????????? ??? ????????????, ? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????. ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ??? ? ????? ?????????.
?? ???????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ???.: William Ellery, RI, Benjamin Franklin, PA, John Hancock, MA, Joseph Hewes, NC, William Hooper, NC, Robert Treat Paine, MA, Richard Stockton, NJ, George Walton, GA, William Whipple, NH. ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??? 50 ??? ???? ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ????????????????, ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????, ???? ??? ? 4? ??????? ?????????? ?? ? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? 4? ??????? 1187.
???? ??? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???? ?? ???:. ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???:. ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????, ??? ???????????, ??? ???????, ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????????, ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????????????????: ?????????, ???????, ??????????. (Libert, galit, Fraternit)
????? ? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????;
?????? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????. ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????.
??????????
?? ?????????
?? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ??? ????? ????????????, ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???:. ????????: O George Washington ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????.
??????????? ??? ??? ??:. William Thornton ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ??:. Benjamin Latrobe, ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??:. Thomas Ustick Walter.
?? ??????????? ??? ??????????
? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ????????, ??? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? Columbia ??? ???? ??? ??????? (???????, ??????), ? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ??:. Thomas Crawford.
? ?????????, ?? ???????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? (????????? & ?????) ????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ??? ???????. ????????? ? ????? ????? ????????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ??? Washington DC ????? ? ????????? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????. ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????.
???? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????????, ? ???????????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????, ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ??? ?????????. ? ???? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ? ??????? ????, ????? ????? ??? ?? ????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? (?.?. ? ????????) ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????.
????? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????. ??? ??????, ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ???????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? 17?? ?????, ? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????, ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????????. ? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????, ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????, ?? ?????????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????, ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ?? 1750 ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????. ? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????????????? ??????????, ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???????????, ??????????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????. ? ??????? ??????????, ?? ?? ????? ???, ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????, ??? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ? ????????????? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ? ????????, ?? ????????? ??????, ? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????, ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????, ???? ? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???.
? ??????? ??? ???????????
?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???, ?? ???? ?????. ? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ??????????, ?? ???????????? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ?????. ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????. ? ?????? ??? 18? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? 80 ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ?????, ? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????. ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ????????????, ??? ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???, ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????????????.
?? ??????? ??? ?? ????
? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ??? ????????, ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????????. ?????? ????, ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????????, ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????, ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????, ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????. ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????, ???????????, ?????????, ????????? ??? ????????? ?.?., ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????. ?????????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????????.
?? ??????? ???????????? ??? 18?? ??? ??? 19?? ?????.
??? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? 464 ?.?. ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? 73-71 ?.?. ??? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 1648 ??? 1688, ? ??????????? ??? 1775 -1783, ? ?????? ??????? ??? 1789, ? ???????? ??? 1821 ??? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? 1917, ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ????????. ??? ???? ?? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????????. ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ? ??? ??????????????, ????? ????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ? ??? ??????????, ???? ? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????.
?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????, ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? 11? ??? ??? ??? 14? ?????, ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? 17?? ??? ??? 18?? ?????.
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???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? 1649 ? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????, ??????????, ? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ????????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????, ????????? ? ?????????? ??? 1688 ? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? (bill of rights) ? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????.
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?????, ?????????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ?????????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????????, ???? ????????? (Ilya Prigogine, 1925-2003) ?? ??????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ?? 1984 ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ???: ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????????? ???, ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???.
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