Μασονια Ελευθεροτεκτονισμος Τεκτονισμος Πληροφορίες και υλικό για τον Τεκτονισμο ή Μασονια μυηση
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? ???????????????????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???, ???????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???. ? ??????????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ?????????, ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????.

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? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ? ???????????????????, ?? ??????????, ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ????? (Operative Lodges) ??? ????-"????????" ??? ????????. ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? (Stonemasons), ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? 14?? ????? ?? ????-???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? (?????), ??? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????????.

?? 15? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? (Masons). ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????, ?? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????. ?? ?????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ????????.

???? ????? ??? 16?? ?????, ?? ?????, ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????, ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????????, ???? ???? ????????? ?????, ???????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????. ????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? (Accepted) ??? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????. ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? 1599 ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? 16 ????????? ??? 1646 ?.?., ?????????? ???? ??? ?????, ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???, ????? ????????????? ?????? ? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? 24 ??????? 1717 ?.?. ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? (Goose and Gridiron), ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????.

?? 1723, ? James Anderson ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????????. ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ? "??????? ??? ???????????????????", ??????? ?? ??? ????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????. ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????. ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? 1734 ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????, ? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???.

?? ???????? ??? 1730, ? ??????????????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????. ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????, ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????. ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? "??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????", ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??????. ? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????, ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? 14 ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????????????????.

???? ??? ???????? ??? 19?? ?????, ????????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????????????????, ? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ??????????? ??????, ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ???-??????????? ??????? ?? 1820, ??? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? 1825. ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?? Carbonari. ???? ???? ???????????, ? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????????, ???????? ???? ??-????????? ?? ?????? ????????, ????? ?? ??????????, ????-????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? 19?? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????. ??????? ??? ???????????? ????, ? ???? ??? ??????????????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????????????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??? 19?? ?????.

??? 20? ?????, ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????. ?? ???????????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????-????????? ? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ??????, ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????. ?? ????????? ???? ???????????, ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????. ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????.

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?? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? 13 ???????? ??? ???? A?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? 1775 ?.?. ??? ?? 1783 ?.?. ??? ???? ??? 18?? ????? ?.? ? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????. ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????. ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? 17?? ????? ?.?. ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? 140 ??????????? ?????! ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????????: ??? ???? ??? 17?? ????? ?.?., ? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????, ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????, ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????, ?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ???????. ?? ????????? ??????? ? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????, ?? ????? ??? ????????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????. ? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????, ???? ?????? ?? 1776 ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????, ???? ??? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? (Loge de Neuf Soeurs) ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ? Lafayette, ? Voltaire, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????????, ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????????????, ?????????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????. ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? 1764 ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????. ? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????. ? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??? ?????????:

????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????.

??? ??? ????????? ? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????.

? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ? ???? ??? ????? ??????

??? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????. ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? (16 ?????????? 1773?.?.), ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????, ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????. ??????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? (Green Dragon Tavern), ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ? ??? ?????? (Paul R?vere) ??? ? ???? ?????? (John Hancock), ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???????????. ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ???, ??? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????????.

?? ???????? ???????? 4.000 ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????, ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ????? (19 ???????? 1775 ?.?.), ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ? ?????????? ???? ???????.

?? ????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ??????????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????????. ??? ????????? ???????????, ? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????, ???? ? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????????????? Marquis De Lafayette, ? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????? Franklin ??? De Lafayette, ???? ? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????????????. ??????, ? ?????? ???????????, ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????, ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???, ? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????.

?????????? ??? George Washington Master of Virginia's Alexandria No. 22, ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? Alexandria-Washington Lodge.

? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?? 1723 ??? ?? ?????? ????? 21 ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????????????? ??? ?????????. ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????. ? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????????????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ? ??????????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????. ?? 1787 ?.?. ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???, ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ???????????.

???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????????, ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???????, ??????????????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ????, ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????. ? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? 17? ??????? 1776 ?.?. ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ??? 4? ??????? 1776 ?.?. ?????????? ? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????, ???? ??? ????????? ? ????????? ??? ????????????, ? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????. ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ??? ? ????? ?????????.

?? ???????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ???.: William Ellery, RI, Benjamin Franklin, PA, John Hancock, MA, Joseph Hewes, NC, William Hooper, NC, Robert Treat Paine, MA, Richard Stockton, NJ, George Walton, GA, William Whipple, NH. ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??? 50 ??? ???? ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ????????????????, ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????, ???? ??? ? 4? ??????? ?????????? ?? ? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? 4? ??????? 1187.

???? ??? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???? ?? ???:. ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???:. ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????, ??? ???????????, ??? ???????, ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????????, ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????????????????: ?????????, ???????, ??????????. (Libert, galit, Fraternit)

????? ? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????;

?????? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????. ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????.

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?? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ??? ????? ????????????, ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???:. ????????: O George Washington ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????.

??????????? ??? ??? ??:. William Thornton ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ??:. Benjamin Latrobe, ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??:. Thomas Ustick Walter.

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? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ????????, ??? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? Columbia ??? ???? ??? ??????? (???????, ??????), ? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ??:. Thomas Crawford.

? ?????????, ?? ???????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? (????????? & ?????) ????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ??? ???????. ????????? ? ????? ????? ????????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ??? Washington DC ????? ? ????????? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????. ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????.

???? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????????, ? ???????????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????, ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ??? ?????????. ? ???? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ? ??????? ????, ????? ????? ??? ?? ????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? (?.?. ? ????????) ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????.

????? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????. ??? ??????, ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ???????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? 17?? ?????, ? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????, ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????????. ? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????, ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????, ?? ?????????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????, ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ?? 1750 ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????. ? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????????????? ??????????, ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???????????, ??????????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????. ? ??????? ??????????, ?? ?? ????? ???, ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????, ??? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ? ????????????? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ? ????????, ?? ????????? ??????, ? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????, ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????, ???? ? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???.

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?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???, ?? ???? ?????. ? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ??????????, ?? ???????????? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ?????. ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????. ? ?????? ??? 18? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? 80 ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ?????, ? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????. ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ????????????, ??? ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???, ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????????????.


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? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ??? ????????, ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????????. ?????? ????, ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????????, ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????, ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????, ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????. ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????, ???????????, ?????????, ????????? ??? ????????? ?.?., ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????. ?????????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????????.


?? ??????? ???????????? ??? 18?? ??? ??? 19?? ?????.

??? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? 464 ?.?. ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? 73-71 ?.?. ??? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 1648 ??? 1688, ? ??????????? ??? 1775 -1783, ? ?????? ??????? ??? 1789, ? ???????? ??? 1821 ??? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? 1917, ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ????????. ??? ???? ?? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????????. ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ? ??? ??????????????, ????? ????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ? ??? ??????????, ???? ? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????.

?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????, ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? 11? ??? ??? ??? 14? ?????, ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? 17?? ??? ??? 18?? ?????. 

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? ???????????????????, ??????????? ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ? ??????????, ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ?????????????? ??????, ???? ??? ???????????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???. ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ???????????????????, ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???????????, ????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????????, ??? ?????????? ???????, ??? ????????? ????????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????. ????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????????, ?? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ???????? ?????, ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???, ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??, ???? ??? ? ??????????????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????, ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????. ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ? ??????????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????, ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????. ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ????????, ???? ? ????????, ? ??????, ? ???????, ? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????.

?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????????????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ????? ?????????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????, ??? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ???????? ???? ????????, ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???, ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????, ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????.

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? ???????????, ? ????????????, ? ?????????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????, ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ?????, ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????, ????????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????????, ?? ??????? ??? ?????, ? ????????? ??? ??????????????, ? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???. ??? ???? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ????????????, ??? ????????, ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????, ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????????????? ????? ?? ???? ? ?? ?????!

???? ????????, ?? ????????, ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????????????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ????????, ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????, ????????? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????, ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????, ????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ????????, ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????, ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????, ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????.

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? 20?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????. ????????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ?? 1989. ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????????, ? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????????. ??????, ???? ????????? ???????? ??? 20?? ????? ????????????? ????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ??????????, ???? ? ???????? ????-????????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????????, ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????????. ? 20?? ?????? ????, ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????-?????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????, ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????????????, ??? ????????? ??? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???, ??? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????.

??? ??? ? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? 20? ?????, ? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? 17? ?????, ???? ????????? ????????????????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ???????????????, ??? ???????? ??? ????????????????? ??? ??? ??????????????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ??? ? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????. ????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????. ? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????, ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ? ?????????????? ????????, ???????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??????.

? ????????, ? ??????? ??? ? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ? ??????, ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????????. ? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????????, ? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????. ???????, ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ????????????, ?? ?????????????, ??? ????????, ?? ??????????????, ?? ???????? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?.?.?., ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????, ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ???????; ?? ??? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? ????????, ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????.

? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ????. ??? ??????? ???? ????????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????, ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????. ? ?????????????? (????????????) ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????. ? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????. ?? ????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????, ? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????????: ? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????????, ?? ?????, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????, ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???????, ? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????.

? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 20?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????, ? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????, ?? ????????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ????????, ??????? ???????. ???? ? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??? ??? ? ???????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????????????????? ????.

? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? (?????? ?????? ??? ????????????, ??????????????, ???????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ???) ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????????, ? ????? ??????????? ???? 19? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??????????? (??. ??????????????) ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???:

?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ??????. ? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????, ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ??????????????? ??? ??????????????.

????????? ???? ???????? ??? 20?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ???????, ?? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????????, ? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????, ? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ??? ???????????, ??? ??? ????, ???????, ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????????, ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????????, ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????, ??? ?? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ???????????, ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??????????.


?????, ?????????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ?????????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????????, ???? ????????? (Ilya Prigogine, 1925-2003) ?? ??????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ?? 1984 ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ???: ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????????? ???, ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???.


?? ??????????? ??? ????, ?? ??????????? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ???????? ? ?????????, ? ??????? ??? ? ??????????, ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????, ?? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????, ??? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ????????, ???????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????, ????????, ????????????.

??????, ???????? ????? ???????, ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????. ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????, ?????????, ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????????, ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????, ? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????????.

?? ??? ????? ???????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????, ??? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????. ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????, ????????? ??? ????, ???????????? ??? ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??? ???? ???????????, ? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????????? ????? ??? ???????????, ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ???????, ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????.